糖尿病的症状、诊断和监测

总的来说,29.3 million adults in the United States have been diagnosed Type 2 diabetes — and more than 9 million more don’t know they have it. Though symptoms of Type 1 diabetes may not always be obvious and the onset of the disease is often gradual, 一旦症状变得严重, 需要住院治疗.

Both of these facts speak to a larger truth: Left untreated, diabetes can cause many 健康问题. That’s why it’s crucial to know the warning signs and to see a health care professional regularly for routine wellness screenings.

症状

前驱糖尿病 没有症状.

Those with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes also may have no symptoms — or such mild symptoms that they go unnoticed for a long time.

But since some people experience diabetes warning signs, it’s important to know the symptoms below:

• 过度的渴望
• 减肥 
• 一天排尿几次，经常在晚上
• 增加食欲
• 视物模糊
• 疲劳
• 手脚麻木或刺痛
• 伤口愈合缓慢
• 频繁的感染
• 干燥的皮肤

When blood sugar is extremely high these added symptoms may occur:

• 恶心想吐
• 呕吐
• 腹部疼痛
• 呼吸中有水果味
• 混乱
• 定向障碍
• 睡意
  
• Coma
• 癫痫发作

如果你有这些症状, see a health care professional right away for a checkup and proper diagnosis.

谁应该接受前驱糖尿病和糖尿病的检测?

如果你有以下情况，你应该接受糖尿病检查:

• 年龄超过45岁
• Are 超重或肥胖
• 我是美国黑人, 亚裔美国人, 拉丁美洲/西班牙裔美国人, 印第安人或太平洋岛民
• Have a history of gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy) or delivering a baby more than nine pounds
• 有糖尿病家族史吗
• 久坐不动的生活方式
• 有下列任何一种情况:
  
  • 高血压
  • 高胆固醇
  • 脂肪肝
  • 心血管病
  • HIV
  • 多囊卵巢综合征

If your blood glucose levels are normal, you should be tested about every three years. 如果你有前驱糖尿病, you should be checked for diabetes every one to two years after that diagnosis.

诊断前驱糖尿病和糖尿病的测试

Three tests can help health care professionals diagnose prediabetes and diabetes:

糖化血红蛋白(糖化血红蛋白试验)

糖化血红蛋白检测可以诊断糖尿病前期和糖尿病. It measures your average blood glucose control for the past two to three months. Blood sugar is measured by the amount of glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C) in your blood. This test is more convenient because no fasting is required.

糖化血红蛋白5.7% to 6.4% means that you have prediabetes, and you’re at high risk for developing diabetes. 糖化血红蛋白为6时诊断为糖尿病.5%或更高.

空腹血糖试验(FPG)

A blood glucose test measures the amount of glucose (sugar) in your blood. A fasting plasma glucose test requires having nothing to eat or drink except water for eight hours before the test. 你要抽血化验. Blood glucose is measured in milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). 

This chart contains the FPG test’s blood glucose ranges for prediabetes and diabetes, 并描述了每个诊断的含义:

口服葡萄糖耐量试验

This test measures how well the body handles a standard amount of glucose.

To do this test, you will have nothing to eat or drink, except water, for at least eight hours. Your health care professional will draw blood, and then you will drink a beverage containing glucose. 30和60分钟后再次抽血. 考试可能需要三个小时. Then, your health care professional will compare the before-and-after glucose levels contained in your plasma to see how well your body processed the sugar. 这些水平的测量单位是毫克/分升.

The chart below contains the ranges of the two-hour oral glucose tolerance test, 哪一种是用来诊断糖尿病的. 

监测糖尿病的测试

如果你被诊断患有糖尿病, you can monitor your blood sugar level several ways to see how well your treatment plan is working:

HbA1C

Your health care team will do an HbA1C test at least twice a year. 

家庭监控

Easy-to-use home monitors allow people to test their blood sugar on their own. 这些设备种类繁多.

If you’re managing diabetes with the help of a home monitor, talk to your health care professional to learn what to do when your results are too high or low.

检测心脏健康的测试

People with diabetes are at increased risk for a range of health complications, 包括心血管疾病.

了解更多关于 tests 它可以用来检查你的心脏健康.